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Q: The international credit rating agency Standard & Poors yesterday warned that it will revise downward its outlook on the U.S. sovereign credit rating. Since China is a big holder of U.S. Treasury bonds, is there any concern about the safety of its investments? A: We have noticed that the S&P has revised its outlook on the U.S. sovereign credit rating from stable to negative. As a major target of institutional investors in the U.S and throughout the world, Treasury bonds reflect the credibility of the U.S. government. We hope that the U.S government will take responsible measures to guarantee the interests of its investors. 2011-04-20/en/2011/0420/992.html
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Special Topic IV I. China has made active progress in terms of strengthening and improving supervision of cross-border capital flows In recent years, the foreign exchange authorities has been adhering to the risk limits and have continuously strengthened and improved supervision of cross-border capital flows. While adhering to balanced management, the foreign exchange authorities focused on guarding against hot money inflows, made it a priority to slow down the rapid increase in the surplus of foreign exchange settlement and sales by banks and foreign exchange reserves, combined thinning and blocking measures, focused on priorities, simultaneously took numerous measures, and carried out comprehensive policies in order to guard against the impact of cross-border capital flows. This mainly included the following: First, studying, formulating, and timely applying the pre-arranged policies to cope with large-scale cross-border capital inflows. In 2008, the Regulations on Foreign Exchange Administration were revised and implemented, providing legal basis for strengthening supervision of cross-border capital flows. In 2009 and 2010, the pre-arranged policies for coping with unusual outflows and inflows of cross-border capital respectively were formulated. In November 2010 and March 2011, the foreign exchange authorities applied the pre-arranged policies for coping with unusual inflows of cross-border capital, strengthened administration of the foreign exchange business of the banks’ foreign exchange settlement and sales positions, foreign exchange collections and settlement for export, and short-term external debt, and in 2011 further adjusted downward the total scale of the short-term external debt quotas of domestic financial institutions. Second, giving play to foreign exchange inspection methods to rigorously crack down on the arbitrage capital such as hot money. In recent years, the foreign exchange authorities have improved foreign exchange inspection methods and the accuracy and effectiveness of cracking down on hot money. In accordance with the idea of seizing the big and freeing the small, the special inspections on foreign exchange settlement of capital and short-term external debt carried out by the foreign exchange authorities focused on financial institutions and large enterprises. The foreign exchange authorities increased their efforts to circulate information on the irregular activities of market players and as well as information on punishments for irregular activities by some banks, enterprises, and individuals. From 2007 to 2011, the foreign exchange authorities investigated a total of 15,000 cases involved in activities in violation of the foreign exchange laws and regulations and imposed a total of RMB 1.27 billion in administrative fines. In particular, the foreign exchange authorities cooperated with the public security bodies to crack down on a total of 210 cases involving illegal banks, the illegal sale and purchase of foreign exchange, and on-line foreign exchange speculation. Involving an amount in excess of RMB 100 billion, more than 1,000 suspects were apprehended and a total of RMB 160 million in administrative fines was imposed. Third, adhering to the combining of thinning and blocking measures to guide the orderly flow of cross-border capital. While guarding against the inflow of hot money, the foreign exchange authorities continuously simplified and finally cancelled the compulsory foreign exchange settlement and sales system and encouraged foreign exchange purchases and payments with authentic demands for trade and investment. In 2010, the reform of the verification and writing-off system of foreign exchange payments for imports was carried out, making it unnecessary for most of the complying enterprises to handle on-site verification and writing-off procedures for their normal business of foreign exchange payments for imports, significantly reducing the operating costs for the banks and enterprises; a pilot program for overseas deposits of export revenue was launched to encourage enterprises to deposit export revenue overseas and to meet the normal demands of market players to hold and utilize foreign exchange. In 2011, the policy on overseas deposits of export revenue was generalized nationwide, and a pilot reform of the verification and writing-off system for imports and exports was launched. The foreign exchange authorities supported the “Going Out” strategy, lifted limits on the amount of foreign exchange purchased for overseas investments, and allowed outward remittances for early stage expenses for overseas investments. Fourth, improving the capability to analyze and supervise cross-border capital flows in domestic and foreign currency. The foreign exchange authorities strengthened statistics, monitoring, and early warning on the balance of payments, carried out statistics and monitoring of cross-border capital flows in domestic and foreign currency, established a comprehensive statistical system for the banks’ trade financing, and established and improved the monitoring and early warning system for the balance of payments. The foreign exchange authorities improved transparency by providing a comprehensive overview of the cross-border capital flow situation, circulated information on punishments for irregular activities in the handling of foreign exchange business by some banks, enterprises, and individuals, further deterred activities in violation of the laws and regulations, and correctly guided expectations. The foreign exchange authorities gave play to cross-departmental synergies, strengthened information sharing and policy coordination, and created a synergy to suppress the inflow of hot money. In general, the adjustment of the foreign exchange administration policy focusing on reducing the surplus played an active role in guarding against the impact of cross-border capital flows and safeguarding the economic and financial security of the country. From the second half of 2011, in particular the fourth quarter, the foreign exchange situation in China exhibited a noteworthy change, and the RMB exchange rate approached an equilibrium level. Due to early insight, the foreign exchange authorities required the banks to increase foreign exchange positions in advance, which not only relieved the pressures on the central bank to purchase foreign exchange for that period and reduced the currency mismatch risks for banks, but also made the process go smoothly such since the fourth quarter of 2011 the banks have proactively increased their positions and have avoided any significant market fluctuations that might have occurred. II. The new situation and the new stage raised the requirements for supervision of cross-border capital flows in domestic and foreign currency In accordance with increasing the level of opening to the outside and facilitating trade and investment, the pilot cross-border RMB trade settlement has continuously expanded and we have already reached a high level of economic opening. Comprehensively affected by such factors as changes in the economic situation both at home and abroad, the transformation of the pattern of economic development in China, and the fact that macro-control policies are gradually in place, China’s cross-border capital flows in domestic and foreign currency displayed new characteristics, raising the requirements for cross-border capital management during the next stage. (1) The balance of payments approaching a basic equilibrium means that balanced management of cross-border capital flows needs to be strengthened. The proportion of the current account surplus to GDP is an important indicator measuring external imbalances. Since the international financial crisis, the situation of China ’s current account surplus has been improving. According to preliminary estimates, in 2011 the proportion of the current account surplus to GDP will be further reduced to around 3 percent, a decrease of 7 percent since its historic high in 2007. The rapid momentum in the increase of China’s foreign exchange reserves has slowed down. At the end of 2011, China ’s foreign exchange reserves totaled about USD 3.2 trillion, an increase of USD 330 billion compared with the end of the previous year, with the increment decreasing by USD 110 billion compared with the same period of the last year. In general, the balance of payments approaching a basic equilibrium is a type of active change that is consistent with the macro-control direction. However, facing the present complicated and volatile economic and financial environments both at home and abroad, there are still uncertainties in the cross-border capital flow situation. This will require that the foreign exchange authorities accelerate the transformation of the concepts and methods of supervising cross-border capital flows in accordance with the requirements for balanced management, control the two gates for inflows and outflows of cross-border capital, comprehensively apply the economic, legal, and necessary administrative means to continuously improve supervision of cross-border capital flows, guard against massive cross-border capital flows, and safeguard the economic and financial security of China. (2) The increase in the level of financial opening-up in China means that the transformation of the supervisory mode for cross-border capital flows needs to be accelerated. Currently, China is a major economy with a high level of opening-up. In 2009, affected by the spread of the international financial crisis, the total scale of the balance of payments dropped to USD 4 trillion, and the scale of such major trade items as trade in goods and direct investments dropped. In 2010, China ’s foreign economic activities recovered to the same level as that before the financial crisis, the total scale of the balance of payments of the year reached USD 5.6 trillion, again a record high. As China ’s foreign economic exchange expands and foreign-related trade and investment become increasingly active, various economic entities will raise their requirements for relaxing the restrictions on cross-border capital flows, making full use of domestic and international markets and resources. In order to adapt to the development of the new situation, while facilitating trade and investment and steadily promoting convertibility under the capital account, the foreign exchange authorities need to accelerate the transformation of the foreign exchange administration mode by integrating the data and system resources and strengthening the monitoring of cross-border capital flows on the basis of the individual economic entities, to formulate pre-arranged policies for coping with the risks of bidirectional flows of cross-border capital; by utilizing the tools for pre-adjustments and fine adjustments, to reduce the pressures of massive cross-border capital flows; while not leaving any supervisory blind spots, to carry out classified management and to improve the effectiveness of the supervision of cross-border capital flows. (3) The expanding scale of RMB cross-border capital flows means that the capability to carry out fully covered monitoring and analysis of the cross-border capital flows in domestic and foreign currency needs to be further improved. In recent years, the confidence of the international market and the demands for RMB have been increasing, resulting in the scale of cross-border RMB capital flows promptly expanding. In 2011, the amount of RMB cross-border settlements exceeded RMB 2 trillion, a fourfold increase compared with the same period of the last year, and the proportion of RMB cross-border trade in cross-border capital flows increased notably. In light of this new situation, the foreign exchange authorities need to keep in mind the long-term interests, improve the system and mechanism for the supervision of cross-border capital flows in domestic and foreign currency, strengthen the monitoring, analysis, and early warning of cross-border RMB capital flows, strengthen information communication and supervisory cooperation between the regulatory departments, and create a new synergy. III. The main ideas of the supervisory framework for cross-border capital flows in domestic and foreign currency during the next stage The establishment and improvement of the supervisory framework for cross-border capital flows in domestic and foreign currency is a long-term process. For the next period, the foreign exchange authorities should focus on grasping well the following important aspects: First, strengthening analysis of the situation and improving the capability for scientific judgments. The foreign exchange authorities should keep a sharp eye on and closely follow changes in the situation in cross-border capital flows of domestic and foreign currency, place high priority on certain emerging and tendentious problems, deeply study the channels and transmission mechanisms that affect cross-border receipts and payments, search for the core indicators that are highly related to the trends in the cross-border capital flows and establish good predictability and make the judgments on cross-border capital flows more scientific and more accurate. Second, strengthening policy reserves and formulating well pre-arranged policies for coping with the risks of bidirectional flows of cross-border capital. The foreign exchange authorities should adhere to balanced management of cross-border capital flows, improve and enrich the pre-arranged policies that guard against massive net inflows of cross-border capital, do a good job in terms of implementing reserves that guard against central outflows of cross-border capital, and make supervisory policies relevant and forward-looking. Third, adhering to balanced management and focusing on guarding against unusual cross-border capital flows. The foreign exchange authorities should implement the concept of balanced management on the basis of promoting the facilitation of trade and investment, actively explore new ideas, new tools, and new mechanisms for supervising cross-border capital flows, comprehensively apply the economic means, legal means, and necessary administrative means, and limit the space for speculation and arbitrage. Furthermore, the foreign exchange authorities should begin by straightening out the relations between foreign exchange supply and demand, accelerate the cultivation and development of the foreign exchange market, improve the market-making mechanism of market-makers, enhance the capability of the foreign exchange market in terms of self-regulation and self-balancing, and give full play to the fundamental role of market mechanisms for the reasonable allocation of foreign exchange resources. Fourth, optimizing the system and mechanisms, and improving the capability to cope with the impact of cross-border capital flows. The foreign exchange authorities should place high priority on the development of the system and mechanisms for supervision of the cross-border capital flows in domestic and foreign currency, and should strengthen supervisory cooperation. The foreign exchange authorities should establish a transmission mechanism for enterprises, banks, and individuals to improve policy effectiveness. The foreign exchange authorities should strengthen guidance of financial institutions, pay attention to giving full play to the role of the designated foreign exchange banks in the conduct of policy, and improve the capability to control the foreign exchange receipts and payments of economic entities. The foreign exchange authorities should make good use of the inspection methods, maintain tough measures against illegal and irregular funds, such as hot money, rigorously crack down on illegal and criminal activities in regulatory areas, such as underground banks, increase efforts to disclose information on illegal and irregular activities, and improve the deterrent effect against illegal and irregular cross-border capital flows. 2012-03-26/en/2012/0326/1040.html
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According to statistical data released by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE), in February 2012 the amount of foreign exchange settlement and sales by banks on behalf of clients amounted to USD114 billion and USD109.6 billion respectively. The surplus of foreign exchange settlement and sales amounted to USD4.4 billion. During the same period, the total amount involved in contracts for forward settlement of foreign exchange with banks on behalf of clients was USD16.5 billion, the total amount involved in contracts for forward sales of foreign exchange was USD10.7 billion, and the net forward exchange settlement was USD5.8 billion. For the first two months of 2012, the cumulative amount of foreign exchange settlement and sales by banks on behalf of clients amounted to USD237.6 billion and USD213.8 billion respectively. The surplus of foreign exchange settlement and sales was USD23.8 billion. During the same period, the cumulative amount in contracts for forward settlement of foreign exchange by banks on behalf of clients was USD27.6 billion, the cumulative amount in contracts for forward sales of foreign exchange was USD18.4 billion, and the cumulative net forward settlement of foreign exchange by banks on behalf of clients was USD9.2 billion. In February 2012, foreign-related receipts and payments of domestic banks on behalf of clients amounted to USD193.3 billion and USD179.6 billion respectively; and the surplus of foreign-related receipts and payments reached USD13.7 billion. For the first two months of 2012, the cumulative foreign-related receipts and payments of banks on behalf of clients amounted to USD376.5 billion and USD336.2 billion respectively, and the surplus of the cumulative foreign-related receipts and payments reached USD40.3 billion. Annex: Glossary and relevant definitions Balance of Payments refers to all economic transactions occurring between residents and non-residents in China , including all financial transactions and barter transactions resulting in changes in the assets and liabilities of residents and non-residents. Foreign Exchange Settlement and Sales by Banks refer to settlement and sales conducted by designated foreign exchange banks for their clients or for themselves, excluding data on inter-bank foreign exchange market transactions. Foreign exchange settlement and sales by banks on behalf of clients (including foreign exchange settlement and sales by the banks themselves) refer to those conducted by designated foreign exchange banks for their clients. The time of conversion between the RMB and the foreign currency is regarded as the time-point for the statistics on the foreign exchange settlement and sales by banks. Specifically, foreign exchange settlement refers to the sale of foreign exchange to designated foreign exchange banks by owners of foreign exchange; foreign exchange sales refer to the sale of foreign exchange by designated foreign exchange banks to users of foreign exchange. The difference between the foreign exchange settlement and sales is regarded as an offset balance. Such differences, which will be offset by the banks through transactions on the inter-bank foreign exchange market, function as a major force resulting in changes in the country’s foreign exchange reserves. However it is not equivalent to the net change in the foreign exchange reserves during the same period. The principle for transactions between residents and non-residents does not apply to the preparation of statistics on foreign exchange settlement and sales by banks on behalf of clients; such statistics only cover RMB and foreign currency transactions between banks and their clients, namely, exchange transactions between RMB and foreign currencies, which fall outside the category of the balance-of-payments statistics. Contracts for Forward Settlement and Sale of Foreign Exchange refer to contracts for forward settlement (sales) of foreign exchange executed between banks and their clients through consultation, in which the foreign currency, amount, exchange rate, and term for the forward settlement (sales) of foreign exchange are agreed upon; where the foreign exchange is due to be received (paid), the foreign exchange settlement (sales) is to be handled on the basis of the foreign currency, amount, and exchange rate specified in such contracts. The forward foreign exchange settlement and sales business enables enterprises to lock in the exchange rate in advance for future foreign exchange settlement or sales and to effectively avoid the risk of changes in the RMB exchange rate. In general, the banks will hedge the risk exposure arising from the forward foreign exchange settlement and sales business on the inter-bank foreign exchange market. For example, where the total amount involved in the contracts for forward settlement of foreign exchange executed by banks is more than that of the contracts for forward sales of foreign exchange, the banks will generally sell an equivalent amount of foreign exchange in advance on the inter-bank foreign exchange market, and vice versa. Therefore, the forward settlement and sales of foreign exchange business is also a factor that affects changes in China ’s foreign exchange reserves. Foreign-related Receipts and Payments by Banks on Behalf of Clients refer to receipts and payment occurring between domestic non-bank resident institutions/individuals (collectively referred to as the “non-bank sector”) and non-resident institutions/individuals through domestic banks, exclusive of receipts and payments in cash and foreign-related receipts and payments by the banks themselves. In particular, they include cross-border receipts and payments between non-bank sectors and non-residents through domestic banks (including RMB and foreign exchange), and domestic receipts and payments between non-bank sectors and non-residents through domestic banks (temporarily excluding receipts and payments in RMB between domestic individual residents and domestic non-resident individuals). Statistics are collected at the time the clients conduct the foreign-related receipts and payments at the domestic banks. Specifically, foreign-related receipts of banks on behalf of clients refer to funds collected by non-bank sectors from non-residents via domestic banks; external payments by banks on behalf of clients refer to funds paid by non-bank sectors to non-residents through domestic banks. Although the foreign-related receipts and payments of banks on behalf of clients are an integral part of the balance-of-payments statistics, the accounting method for the statistics, unlike the accrual basis of accounting required by the balance of payments statistics, is based on a cash basis. In addition, they merely reflect fund flows between non-bank sectors and non-residents, and do not include barter transactions and foreign transactions conducted by the banks themselves. The scope of the statistics on the foreign-related receipts and payments of banks on behalf of clients is smaller than the scope of the balance-of-payments statistics. 2012-05-15/en/2012/0515/1045.html
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According to statistical data released by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE), in January 2012 the amount of foreign exchange settlement and sales by banks on behalf of clients amounted to USD123.6 billion and USD104.2 billion respectively. The surplus of foreign exchange settlement and sales by banks on behalf of clients amounted to USD19.4 billion. During the same period, the total amount involved in contracts for forward settlement of foreign exchange with banks was USD11.1 billion, the total amount involved in contracts for forward sales of foreign exchange was USD7.7 billion, and the difference was USD3.4 billion in terms of the amount of net foreign exchange settlement. In January 2012, foreign-related receipts and payments by domestic banks on behalf of clients amounted to USD183.2 billion and USD156.7 billion respectively, and the surplus of foreign-related receipts and payments reached USD26.5 billion. Annex: Glossary and relevant definitions The Balance of Payments refers to all economic transactions occurring between residents and non-residents in China , including all financial transactions and barter transactions resulting in changes in the assets and liabilities of residents and non-residents. Foreign exchange settlement and sales by banks refer to settlement and sales conducted by designated foreign exchange banks for their clients or for themselves, excluding data on transactions on the inter-bank foreign exchange market. Foreign exchange settlement and sales by banks on behalf of clients (including foreign exchange settlement and sales by banks) refer to settlement and sales by designated foreign exchange banks for their clients. The time of conversion between RMB and the foreign currency is regarded as the time-point for the statistics on the foreign exchange settlement and sales by banks, Specifically, foreign exchange settlement refers to the sale of foreign exchange to designated foreign exchange banks by owners of foreign exchange; foreign exchange sales refer to the sale of foreign exchange by designated foreign exchange banks to users of foreign exchange. The differences between foreign exchange settlement and sales are regarded as an offset balance. Such differences, which will be offset by the banks through transactions on the inter-bank foreign exchange market, function as a major factor resulting in changes in the country’s foreign exchange reserves. But they are not equivalent to the net change in foreign exchange reserves during the same period. The principle for transactions between residents and non-residents does not apply to the preparation of statistics on foreign exchange settlement and sales by banks on behalf of clients, and such statistics only cover transactions of RMB and the foreign currency between the banks and their clients, namely, exchange transactions between RMB and the foreign currency that fall outside the category of the balance-of-payments statistics. Contracts for forward settlement and sales of foreign exchange refer to the contracts for forward settlement (sales) of foreign exchange executed between the banks and their clients through consultation, in which the foreign currency, amount, exchange rate, and term for the forward settlement (sales) of foreign exchange are agreed upon; where the foreign exchange is to be received (paid), the foreign exchange settlement (sale) is to be handled on the basis of the amount of foreign currency and the exchange rate specified in such contracts. The forward foreign exchange settlement and sales business enables enterprises to lock into the exchange rate in advance for future foreign exchange settlement or sales and effectively avoid the risk of RMB exchange rate changes. Generally, banks will hedge the risk exposure arising from the forward foreign exchange settlement and sales business through the inter-bank foreign exchange market. For example, where the total amount involved in the contracts for forward settlement of foreign exchange executed by banks is more than that in the contracts for forward sales of foreign exchange, the banks will generally sell an equivalent amount of foreign exchange in advance on the inter-bank foreign exchange market, and vice versa. Therefore, the forward settlement and sales of foreign exchange business is also a factor that affects changes in the foreign exchange reserves in China . Foreign-related receipts and payments by banks on behalf of their clients refers to receipts and payments occurring between domestic non-bank resident institutions/individuals (collectively called the “non-bank sector”) and non-resident institutions/individuals through domestic banks, exclusive of the receipts and payments in cash and foreign-related receipts and payments by the banks themselves; in particular, cross-border receipts and payments between non-bank sectors and non-residents through domestic banks (including RMB and foreign exchange), and domestic receipts and payments between non-bank sectors and non-residents through domestic banks (temporarily excluding receipts and payments in RMB between domestic individual residents and domestic non-resident individuals). Statistics are collected at the time when the clients conduct the foreign-related receipts and payments at the domestic banks. Specifically, foreign-related receipts of banks on behalf of clients refer to funds collected by non-bank sectors from non-residents via domestic banks; external payments by banks on behalf of clients refer to funds paid by non-bank sectors to non-residents through domestic banks. Although the foreign-related receipts and payments of banks on behalf of clients are an integral part of the balance-of-payments statistics, the accounting method for the statistics, different from the accrual basis of accounting required by the balance-of- payments statistics, is based on a cash basis. In addition, it merely reflects fund flows between the non-bank sectors and non-residents and does not include barter transactions or foreign transactions conducted by the banks themselves. Furthermore, the scope of the statistics on foreign-related receipts and payments of banks on behalf of clients is smaller than the scope of the balance-of-payments statistics. 2012-04-16/en/2012/0416/1042.html
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As of the end of 2011, China ’s outstanding external debt (excluding that of Hong Kong SAR, Macao SAR, and Taiwan Province ) reached USD694.997 billion. Specifically, the outstanding registered external debt totaled USD445.797 billion and the balance of trade credit between enterprises totaled USD249.2 billion. Among the outstanding external debt, the outstanding medium- and long-term external debt (with the remaining term) was USD194.096 billion; the outstanding short-term external debt (with the remaining term) was USD500.901 billion. Specifically, trade credit between enterprises and bank trade financing accounted for 49.75 percent and 24.26 percent of the outstanding short-term external debt respectively. The two accounted for 74.01 percent of the outstanding short-term external debt (with the remaining term). The data are closely related to the rapid growth of China ’s foreign trade during recent years. The outstanding debt of Chinese-funded financial institutions was USD211.953 billion, accounting for 47.54 percent of the outstanding registered external debt; the outstanding debt of foreign-funded enterprises was USD136.36 billion, accounting for 30.59 percent; the outstanding debt of foreign-funded financial institutions was USD54.054 billion, accounting for 12.13 percent; the outstanding sovereign debt borrowed by ministries under the State Council, the outstanding debt of Chinese enterprises, and the outstanding debt of other institutions were USD37.371 billion, USD5.925 billion, and USD134 million respectively. In terms of outstanding registered external debt, USD debt accounted for 75.94 percent, JPY debt 8.06 percent, Euro debt 7.49 percent, and debt in other currencies 8.51 percent. In terms of outstanding registered long- and medium-term external debt (based on contractual terms), borrowed money invested in the manufacturing industry accounted for 25.20 percent, the transportation, storage, and postal industry 13.35 percent, the electric power, coal gas, and water production and supply industry 7.67 percent, the real estate industry 4.87 percent, and the information technology service industry 3.65 percent. In 2011 China newly borrowed USD44.447 billion as medium- and long-term external debt, repaid USD33.165 billion as the principal of long- and medium-term external debt, and paid USD2.275 billion in interest. Net inflows under the outstanding long- and medium-term external debt totaled USD9.007 billion, down 24.85 percent on a year-on-year basis. According to preliminary calculations, in 2011 China ’s external debt/GDP ratio was 9.52 percent, its external debt/export revenue ratio was 33.31 percent, and its debt servicing ratio was 1.72 percent. The ratio of short-term external debt to foreign exchange reserves was 15.75 percent. All of these indexes are within the safe range of international standards. Annex: Glossary and relevant definitions Trade Credit between Enterprises refers to the external liability arising from directly extending credit between the seller and buyer of goods, specifically transactions between residents in Mainland China and foreign non-residents (including non-residents in Hong Kong SAR, Macao SAR, and Taiwan province), i.e., the debt incurred due to the difference between the time of payment and the time of the ownership transfer of the goods. Trade credit between enterprises includes credit directly provided by the supplier (e.g., the overseas exporter) for commodity transactions and services, and advance payments made by buyers (e.g., overseas importers) for goods, services, and on-going business (or business to be undertaken). Bank Trade Financing refers to loans related to trade extended by a third party (e.g., banks) to exporters or importers , for instance, loans extended by foreign financial institutions or export credit agencies to buyers. Trade-related Credit is a broad concept. In addition to trade credit between enterprises, it also includes other kinds of credit provided for trade activities. According to the definition, trade-related credit consists of trade credit between enterprises, bank trade financing, short-term notes related to trade, and so forth. External Debt/GDP Ratio refers to the ratio of the external debt balance as of the end of the year to the Gross Domestic Product of the current year. At present, the internationally accepted safety line for the External Debt/GDP Ratio is 20 percent. External Debt/Export Revenue Ratio refers to the ratio of the external debt balance as of the end of the year to the export revenue for trade in goods and services of the current year, which is calculated on the basis of the statistical coverage of the balance of payments. At present, the internationally accepted safety line for the External Debt/Export Revenue Ratio is 100 percent. Debt Servicing Ratio refers to the ratio of the repayment amount of the external debt principal and interest (the sum of the repayment amount for the principal and interest of the long- and medium-term external debt principal and the payment amount of the interest for the short-term external debt) to the export revenue for trade in goods and services of the current year, which is calculated on the basis of the statistical coverage of the balance of payments. At present, the internationally accepted safety line for the Debt Servicing Ratio is 20 percent. Ratio of Short-term External Debt to Foreign Exchange Reserves refers to the ratio of the outstanding short-term external debt of the remaining term to the reserve amount of foreign exchange controlled by the monetary authority. At present, the internationally accepted safety line for the Ratio of Short-term External Debt to Foreign Exchange Reserves is 100 percent. 2012-05-15/en/2012/0515/1044.html
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The State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE) recently held a briefing on foreign exchange inspections of financial institutions; the relevant persons-in-charge of 20 Chinese-funded banks, 9 foreign-funded banks, 3 insurance companies, and 2 finance companies attended the briefing. The briefing pointed out that in 2011 the foreign exchange authorities conscientiously implemented the decisions and arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, firmly focused on the key channels for cross-border capital flows, i.e., financial institutions, specifically carried out multiple special inspections of foreign exchange businesses, rigorously cracked down on activities in violation of the foreign exchange laws and regulations, and guarded against the risks of unusual flows of foreign exchange funds. According to the results of the inspections, in terms of foreign exchange business, in general compliance was improving; however, there were still some financial institutions that emphasized business expansion but made light of lawful operations and carried out some irregular activities. The briefing circulated information on the irregular activities in the foreign exchange business of financial institutions, mainly including that some banks, in handling business of behalf of clients, failed to carry out their responsibility of conducting examinations of the authenticity of the business, handled foreign exchange settlement of capital and individual foreign exchange settlement and sales in violation of the regulations on foreign exchange administration, violated the provisions on the administration of foreign exchange accounts and external guarantees, and failed to handle the receipts and payments of funds under the current account and the capital account in accordance with the applicable provisions; that some banks, upon handling their own foreign exchange business, violated the provisions on foreign exchange administration in such areas as external debt, the synthetic positions concerning foreign exchange settlement and sales, market access and the filing of the foreign exchange business, and gold lending; that some non-bank financial institutions violated the provisions on foreign exchange administration in such areas as external debt, foreign exchange settlement and sales, external guarantees, foreign exchange accounts, and market access to foreign exchange business. In addition, there are some banks that maintained high foreign exchange loan-to-deposit ratios, whose off-balance sheet business innovations evaded supervision and whose domestic and overseas business, were coordinated to engage in arbitrage. The briefing mandating that financial institutions enhance macro awareness and awareness of the overall situation , conscientiously establish the idea of sound operations and scientific development, correctly deal with the relationship between self-interest and national interest, between short-term interest and long-term interest, between business development and lawful operations, and between internal management and external supervision, actively assume their social responsibilities, and strictly comply with the foreign exchange administration policies. The briefing stressed that in 2012 the foreign exchange authorities will, in accordance with the decisions and arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, continue to earnestly perform their supervisory responsibilities, maintain the risk limits, further expand the scope of inspections of financial institutions, increase the frequency of the inspections, increase efforts to disclose information on irregular activities, guard against the risks of unusual flows of foreign exchange funds, and effectively safeguard the economic and financial security of China. 2012-05-15/en/2012/0515/1046.html
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We are an official institution under the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE), responsible for China ’s foreign exchange reserve management. We are now looking for high caliber professionals who share our commitment to “professional, responsible and international” asset management to join us. Our Culture Composed of young, qualified and motivated staff from diversified academic backgrounds of finance, economics, engineering, maths, computer science, languages and human resources etc., we embrace “Dedication, Discipline, Enterprise and Cooperation” as our core value and we attach utmost importance to the safety, liquidity, diversification and return of reserve assets under our management. We value human capital as the most important resources and offer competitive reward incentives. Vacancies Currently, we have the job vacancies in our asset allocation group (Strategist and Macro economist), external managers group (Alternative Assets Investment and Management) and risk management group (Market risk and Legal affairs), based in Beijing headquarter. Basic requirements 1. Masters or above degree from world renowned universities; 2. Relevant working experience with renowned financial institutions; 3. Good command of both Chinese and English as working language; 4. Computer proficiency; 5. Healthy; 6. Other criteria specific to the vacancies. Application procedures 1. Please visit the website of http://rmdhr.safe.gov.cn to submit your application. We ONLY receive the application through our website; 2. Application deadline: refer to the vacancy list; 3. Short-listed applicants will be invited to written test and interview after documentation screening; 4. New recruits will be required to sign Employment Contracts (with probation) in accordance with Chinese and local regulations. Contact Fax: 86-10-66213319 Email: HR@mail.rmd-safe.gov.cn (recommended) FILE: 2012 Experienced Professional Recruitment Program, Reserve Management Department, SAFE 2012-03-30/en/2012/0330/1041.html
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The State Administration of Foreign Exchange recently convened a conference to summarize the comprehensive work of foreign exchange administration in 2011 and to set forth the tasks for the comprehensive work of foreign exchange administration in 2012. The conference pointed out that in 2011 cadres and staff in the comprehensive work system of foreign exchange administration deeply implemented the scientific outlook on development, and in accordance with the requirements of the “Five Kinds of Transformation” of the concepts and methods of foreign exchange administration, focusing on the central tasks and serving the overall situation, continuously improved the level of policy research, strictly promoted law-based administration, reinforced publicity work, did a good job in internal management, and achieved new progress in all work. The conference concluded that in 2012, in confronting the face of the complicated and volatile economic and financial situations both at home and abroad, in terms of the comprehensive work of foreign exchange administration, the foreign exchange authorities should conscientiously implement the spirit of the Central Economic Work Conference and the National Financial Work Conference, and in accordance with the overall arrangements decided upon at in the National Foreign Exchange Administration Work Conference of 2012, adhere to the essential requirements of finance to serve the real economy and continuously deepen the reform of foreign exchange administration. The foreign exchange authorities should maintain the risk limits, keep a close eye on unusual cross-border capital flows, establish a system and mechanism guarding against the impact of bilateral flows of cross-border capital, actively promote work to realize the “Five Kinds of Transformation” of the concepts and methods of foreign exchange administration, further change the work style, improve the capability of the foreign exchange authorities in terms of comprehensive coordination, provide services and advice regarding the comprehensive work, and continuously improve the effectiveness of foreign exchange administration. The conference set the tasks for the comprehensive work of foreign exchange administration in 2012: first, the foreign exchange authorities should further strengthen forward-looking and relevant research on foreign exchange administration policies; second, the foreign exchange authorities should unswervingly deepen work on law-based administration and on putting the regulations in order; third, the foreign exchange authorities should continuously improve the transparency of foreign exchange administration policies, and; fourth, the foreign exchange authorities should effectively do a good job in all aspects of the basic work. 2012-04-16/en/2012/0416/1043.html
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Since the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE) expanded the pilot of the domestic and foreign currency exchange franchise business for individuals in November 2009, the number of franchise operation institutions (hereinafter referred to as “Franchised Institutions”) has steadily increased, the exchange service level has improved continuously, and the pilot work has achieved good results. In order to further regulate the continuous and sound development of the domestic and foreign currency exchange franchise business for individuals, the SAFE recently printed and distributed the Measures for the Administration of the Pilot on the Domestic and Foreign Currency Exchange Franchise Business for Individuals (HuiFa No.27 [2012], hereinafter referred to as the “Pilot Measures”) which came into effect as of May 1, 2012. The main contents of the pilot measures include: first, simplifying market access management, expanding the scope of the franchise business, improving the flexibility of the excess reserve adjustment, further reducing the operating costs of the Franchised Institutions, and increasing the capital earnings; second, encouraging chain businesses of Franchised Institutions to achieve economies of scale, and meanwhile, increasing the minimum registered capital requirement for Franchised Institutions operating within a single region to RMB 5 million, and for those Franchised Institutions operating nationwide to RMB 30 million; third, emphasizing risk control. The pilot measures further regulate over-the-counter business and excess reserve management of the franchised institutions, and establish a system to retain relevant data and vouchers for future reference. The pilot measures strengthen the regular monitoring system for capital operations of Franchised Institutions and the regular inspection system for business activities of Franchised Institutions, to supervise and encourage the Franchised Institutions to comply with regulatory operations. Implementation of the pilot measures facilitates market access and the day-to-day business of the Franchised Institutions under controllable risks, and provides them with space for future development. Furthermore, implementation of the pilot measures emphasizes ex-post data monitoring, increases efforts for ex-post regular on-site and off-site supervision, and promotes the sustainable development of the Franchised Institutions. 2012-05-15/en/2012/0515/1048.html
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The SAFE recently released China’s balance of payments statement for the fourth quarter and the year 2011, revised and released data on China’s Balance of Payments Statement for each quarter and the year 2010 according to the updates on the undistributed profits of foreign-funded enterprises for the year 2010, and so forth. In the fourth quarter of 2011 the current account posted a surplus whereas the capital and financial account posted a deficit. International reserves maintained a growing momentum. The surplus under the current account totaled USD60.5 billion. Specifically, according to the statistical coverage of the balance of payments, the surpluses in goods, income, and current transfers reached USD70.6 billion, USD2.7 billion, and USD2.3 billion, respectively, whereas the deficit in trade in services amounted to USD15.2 billion. Meanwhile, China ’s deficit under the capital and financial account totaled USD29 billion. In particular, net inflows of direct investments, portfolio investments, and net outflows of other investments amounted to USD49 billion, USD1.3 billion, and USD80.5 billion respectively. International reserves registered an increase of USD12.4 billion (exclusive of changes in the value of non-transaction factors such as exchange rates and prices). Specifically, foreign exchange reserve assets posted an increase of USD11.7 billion. For the year 2011, the surplus under the current account was USD201.7 billion and the surplus under the capital and financial account was USD221.1 billion, whereas international reserves registered an increase of USD387.8 billion. In addition, the BOP Analysis Team of the SAFE released China ’s Balance of Payments Report for 2011 in order to facilitate understanding among all groups in society about the data and analysis of China ’s balance of payments. 2012-05-15/en/2012/0515/1047.html