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The branches and foreign exchange administrative departments of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE) in all provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government; the branches of the SAFE in Shenzhen, Dalian, Qingdao, Xiamen, and Ningbo: For the purpose of regulating the administration of the bankssynthetic positions in foreign exchange settlement and sales, the SAFE has formulated this Circular in accordance with the Regulations of the Peoples Republic of China on Foreign Exchange Administration. This Circular has collated and integrated the existing regulations on the administration of the bankssynthetic positions in foreign exchange settlement and sales. We hereby notify you as follows: I. The term bankssynthetic positions in foreign exchange settlement and sales (hereinafter referred to as positions) refer to the foreign exchange positions held by the designated foreign exchange banks (hereinafter referred to as the banks) arising from transactions between RMB and foreign currencies, which are formed from the bankssettlement and sales of foreign exchange for their clients in conformity with the administrative provisions on foreign exchange, from the settlement and sales of foreign exchange on their own, and from participation in transactions on the inter-bank foreign exchange market. II. The SAFE and its branches and foreign exchange administrative departments (hereinafter referred to as the foreign exchange authorities) shall be responsible for ratification of the limits for the bankspositions and the daily management thereof. (1) The SAFE shall be responsible for the ratification and daily management of the positions of the policy or national banks. (2) The local branches and foreign exchange administrative departments of the SAFE (hereinafter referred to as the SAFE branches) shall be responsible for the ratification and management of the positions of urban commercial banks, rural commercial banks, rural cooperative financial institutions, foreign-funded banks, and the finance companies of enterprise groups (hereinafter referred to as local financial institutions). The SAFE branches may authorize the central sub-branches within their respective jurisdictions to carry out the daily management of the positions of the banks. (3) Where a SAFE branch intends to ratify the positions of a local financial institution, the upper limit of which is USD1 billion or more, or to ratify the positions of a local financial institution which exercises the function of market-maker on the inter-bank foreign exchange market, it shall carry out a preliminary examination and then report it to the SAFE for unified ratification. III. Principles for the administration of positions (1) Unified ratification of legal persons. The foreign exchange authorities shall uniformly ratify the positions of the banks under the principle of regulation of legal persons and shall not separately ratify the positions of the branches of a bank (except the branches of a foreign bank). (2) Management of limits. The foreign exchange authorities shall adopt the administrative model of ratification of limits for the positions in accordance with the balance of payments, the foreign exchange business operations of banks, and other factors. (3) Management on an accrual basis. A bank shall include the foreign exchange settlement and sales for its clients, the foreign exchange settlement and sales of its own, and transactions on the inter-bank foreign exchange market in the positions on the day when the transaction is concluded (rather than the day when the capital is actually received and paid). (4) Examination and regulation on a daily basis. A bank shall manage the positions of the entire bank on a daily basis, and shall maintain the positions at the end of each trading day within the limits ratified by the foreign exchange authority. If the positions exceed the limits at the time, the bank shall adjust the positions within the limits before the end of the next trading day. (5) Reconciling the balance of positions against the accounting subjects on a regular basis. For differences, the bank may apply to the foreign exchange authority on an annual basis for an adjustment, and for differences caused by a variance in the currency conversion or any other reasonable reason, the foreign exchange authority may directly approve the adjustment; for differences resulting from false reporting or missed statistical data, the foreign exchange authority may approve the adjustment, but shall issue a sanction for violation of the relevant regulations. IV. Specific management requirements for positions (1) A bank shall, within 30 work days after obtaining the qualification to operate the business of foreign exchange settlement and sales, apply to the foreign exchange authority for ratification of its position limits. (2) Where the volume of foreign exchange settlement and sales of a bank undergoes any significant change and its position limits need to be adjusted, the bank shall file a written application with the foreign exchange authority. The bank shall not adjust the position limits without approval. (3) When applying for ratification or adjustment of the position limits, a bank shall submit the following materials to the foreign exchange authority: a. a request for instructions on ratification or adjustment of the position limits; b. the measurement and calculation basis for the ratification or adjustment of the position limits; c. the domestic consolidated balance sheet in both RMB and foreign currency and the domestic balance sheet in foreign currency at the end of the year prior to application; and d. other documents and information as required by the foreign exchange authority. (4) The foreign exchange authority shall, in light of the actual business operational needs, the volume of settlement and sales, as well as the receipt and payment of foreign exchange on behalf of clients, capital (or working capital) in RMB and foreign currencies, asset status, and other factors, ratify the position limits of the bank. In principle, the foreign exchange authority shall adjust the position limits of the bank not more than once during a calendar year. (5) A bank whose position limits have not been ratified by the foreign exchange authority will be subject to zero-position management, the net balance between the settlement and sales of foreign exchange on the current business day shall be balanced through the inter-bank foreign exchange market on the next business day. (6) The transactions for balancing the positions among banks shall be carried out through the inter-bank foreign exchange market. No bank may square off the positions over the counter without approval by the foreign exchange authority. (7) Where a bank takes the initiative to apply for closure of the business of foreign exchange settlement and sales or has its qualifications for operating the business of foreign exchange settlement and sales cancelled by the foreign exchange authority for illicit business operations, it shall, within 30 work days after the closing down of the business of foreign exchange settlement and sales, file an application with the foreign exchange authority and clear the positions until the date of closure of the said business upon approval of the foreign exchange authority. V. The administrative provisions on positions in this Circular shall not apply to foreign-funded banks that are qualified for foreign exchange settlement and sales, but are not approved to operate RMB businesses. Such banks shall be governed by the following provisions: (1) The bank shall use the special RMB account for foreign exchange settlement and sales opened with the local branch or sub-branch of the Peoples Bank of China (PBC) in accordance with the Detailed Rules for Implementation of the Foreign Exchange Settlement, Sales, and Payments of Foreign-funded Banks (Yinfa No. 202 [1996]). (2) The balance in the special RMB account for foreign exchange settlement and sales shall be subject to control. The account balance shall not exceed the equivalent of 20% of the registered foreign exchange capital or working capital of the bank, and the bank may conduct the RMB and foreign exchange conversion on its own to the extent that it does not exceed the balance. (3) The bank may open and use a special RMB cash account for foreign exchange settlement and sales in accordance with the Circular of the Peoples Bank of China on Relevant Issues concerning the Opening of Special RMB Cash Accounts for Foreign Exchange Settlement and Sales by Foreign-funded Banks (Yinfa No.180 [2003]). The balance in the special RMB cash account for foreign exchange settlement and sales shall be incorporated into the balance in the special RMB account for foreign exchange settlement and sales for the purposes of balance control. (4) The bank shall, within 30 work days after obtaining the approval of the CBRC to handle the RMB business, apply to the foreign exchange authority for ratification of the position limits in accordance with Part IV of this Circular, and shall, during the process of application, submit the document issued by the CBRC granting it approval to handle the RMB business. The bank shall, within 10 work days after obtaining the ratified limits, apply to the local branch or sub-branch of the PBC to close the special RMB account for foreign exchange settlement and sales in accordance with the Circular of the Peoples Bank of China on Relevant Issues concerning the Special RMB Accounts for Foreign Exchange Settlement and Sales (Yinfa No. 292 [2005]), and adjust the synthetic positions in foreign exchange settlement and sales within the range of the ratified position limits. VI. Centralized management of the positions of the branches of a foreign bank (1) For a foreign bank that has two or more branches in China, the head office or regional headquarters thereof may authorize a branch within China (hereinafter referred to as branch responsible for centralized management) to carry out centralized management of the positions of its branches within China. (2) Where the branches of a foreign bank adopt centralized management of the positions, the branch responsible for the centralized management shall file an application with the local SAFE branch. The application materials shall include the following: a. the letter of authorization granted by the head office approving implementation of the centralized management of the positions; b. the approval document issued by the CBRC for the resident office of the foreign-funded financial institution within China ; and c. the explanation by the foreign bank of its internal management system, accounting methods, and technical support for implementation of the centralized management of the positions. (3) The SAFE branch shall, upon receipt of the application, visit the business office of the branch responsible for centralized management, and inspect and check on-the-spot the supporting technical system for the centralized management of the positions of the bank. If the relevant requirements are met, the SAFE branch shall, within 20 work days upon acceptance of the application, give its opinions on the approval of the centralized management of the positions by the branch responsible for the centralized management, send a copy to the SAFE, and simultaneously send a copy to the local SAFE branches or sub-branches in the places where the branches of the foreign bank are located. (4) After the branches of a foreign bank are placed under centralized management of the positions, the original positions of all the branches or sub-branches of the foreign bank within China shall be incorporated into the positions of the branch responsible for the centralized management for the purposes of management, and shall be uniformly squared and managed by the branch responsible for the centralized management. If any new branch or sub-branch of the foreign bank is added under the centralized management of the positions, the branch responsible for the centralized management and the new branch or sub-branch shall file with their local SAFE branches respectively 10 work days in advance. (5) After the branches of a foreign bank are placed under the centralized management of the positions, the local SAFE branch in the place where the branch responsible for the centralized management is located shall be responsible for the ratification and daily management of the position limits; if the branch responsible for the centralized management exercises the function of a market-maker on the inter-bank foreign exchange market, Part II (3) of this Circular shall apply. When the branch responsible for the centralized management applies for or adjusts the position limits, the measurement and calculation basis shall be the aggregate data of all the foreign banks branches and sub-branches within China . (6) After the branches of a foreign bank are placed under the centralized management of the positions, if neither the branch responsible for the centralized management nor any other branch or sub-branch under the centralized management has opened an RMB business, the relevant provisions of Part V of this Circular shall apply. If the branch responsible for the centralized management has opened an RMB business, and other branches or sub-branches within China have not opened an RMB business, the branches or sub-branches which have not opened an RMB business shall still be governed by the relevant provisions of Part V of this Circular, but the balance in their special RMB accounts for foreign exchange settlement and sales shall be converted into US dollars and be recorded with a negative value into the positions of the branch responsible for the centralized management. VII. Data submission (1) Each SAFE branch shall, within 20 work days after the beginning of each year, fill out the Form of the XX Branch (Foreign Exchange Administrative Department) of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on the Ratification of Limits for the Synthetic Positions in Foreign Exchange Settlement and Sales of Financial Institutions within the Jurisdiction (See Annex 1), and send an e-mail to the Intranet e-mail box of the SAFE (manage@bop.safe). (2) All banks shall, in accordance with the requirements of the Daily Statements on the Synthetic Positions in Foreign Exchange Settlement and Sales and the Directions for Submission (see Annex 2), submit all relevant data on the synthetic positions to the foreign exchange authorities in a timely and accurate manner. (3) Each bank shall fill in under the Remarkscolumn in the Daily Statements on the Synthetic Positions in Foreign Exchange Settlement and Sales the transaction information on the foreign exchange settlement and sales for clients, its own transactions of foreign exchange settlement and sales, and contract transactions of forward foreign exchange settlement and sales for clients, the single sum of which exceeds the equivalent of USD50 million on the current day, and shall submit the transaction information, including the clients name, item, amount, currency, and term (limited to forward foreign exchange settlement and sales contracts) for each transaction. VIII. Where a bank violates the administrative provisions on the positions, the foreign exchange authority shall punish it in accordance with the Regulations of the Peoples Republic of China on Foreign Exchange Administration and other laws and regulations. IX. This Circular shall come into force as of the date of promulgation. If there is any discrepancy between any previous provisions and this Circular, this Circular shall prevail. The documents on foreign exchange administration as listed in Annex 3 shall be abolished on the date of implementation of this Circular. All SAFE branches shall, upon receipt of this Circular, promptly forward it to the central sub-branches and branches of the SAFE, urban commercial banks, rural commercial banks, rural cooperative financial institutions, and foreign-funded banks within their respective jurisdictions. If any problems are encountered during implementation, please contact the Balance of Payments Department of the SAFE. Tel: 010-68402374, 68402464. 2010-10-20/en/2010/1020/959.html
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Q: Recently the PBOC publicized China's balance of foreign exchange reserves at the end of September. There was a substantial increase in the amount of foreign exchange reserves in Q3, 2010. How do you regard this increase? A: At the end of Q3, 2010, China's balance of foreign exchange reserves reached USD2648.3 billion, up USD194 billion as compared with Q2, 2010. During the first half of 2010, the balance of foreign exchange reserves increased by USD55.1 billion from the previous year. The rapid increase in foreign exchange reserves in Q3, 2010 can be ascribed to three factors: (1) China's foreign-related economy continued to grow. In Q3, 2010, the country posted a foreign trade surplus of USD65.3 billion, exceeding the surplus of USD55.3 billion in H1, 2010. China's utilized foreign investment reached USD6.924 billion and USD7.602 billion respectively in July and August of this year. (2) Some large-scale Chinese enterprises initiated public offerings on overseas markets, with large sums of foreign exchange settled by banks. For example, the Agricultural Bank of China raised more than USD10 billion by going public on the Hong Kong stock market. (3) The conversion of currencies and fluctuations in asset prices also contributed to the substantial increase in foreign exchange reserves. The fluctuations caused by changes in non-transactional values such as exchange rates and prices are included in the data publicized by the PBOC. In Q3, 2010, there was an appreciation of major non-dollar currencies, especially the Euro, against the US dollar. The exchange rate of EUR/USD posted an increase of 11 percent in Q3, 2010. The conversion of non-dollar currencies into US dollars and the fluctuations in the prices of assets led to an increase of more than 80 billion US dollars in the countrys foreign exchange reserves. The 15-percent depreciation of the EUR against the USD during the first half of 2010 reduced the increase in Chinas foreign exchange reserves. In addition, the operating income from foreign exchange reserves also contributed to the rapid increase in Chinas foreign exchange reserves. Q: Financial statistical data publicized by the PBOC indicate that in September there was an increase of RMB289.565 billion in outstanding foreign exchange funds. Does this imply a new round of hot moneyinflows? What is your point of view on pressures of fund inflows in China for the foreseeable future? A: Recently there have been comments that hot money is again flowing into China. Such comments are based on the calculation that hot money = newly-increased funds outstanding for foreign exchange surplus in trade utilized amount of foreign investment. Such a method of calculation is unscientific because it neglects the transactional items in the balance of payments, including services, income, portfolio investment, and so forth. Furthermore, it makes comparisons between statistical data of different categories, without specifying the elements and formation mechanisms of the outstanding foreign exchange funds. Thus, the conclusion is untenable, providing misleading information for an understanding of real cross-border fund flows. China will, in the short term, cope with relatively high pressures of fund inflows. The country enjoys high stability of macroeconomic operations, a promising outlook for economic growth, a tendency for the home currency to appreciate, and a strong attractiveness for foreign investment. But there exists some instability in global financial markets and the countrys macroeconomic controls confront problems such as how to manage inflation expectations and how to curb the upsurge in asset prices. These factors may increase the instability of cross-border fund flows through such channels as foreign trade, foreign investment, banks, and so forth. Comprehensive measures are needed for effective control of the risks brought about by the cross-border flow of hot money. Since the beginning of this year, the SAFE has launched a special campaign to struggle against hot money, mainly targeting the penetration of funds via channels with a high degree of openness, such as trade in goods, trade in services, direct investment, and individual transactions. From a long-term perspective, efforts should be made to improve the mechanism for the formation of the RMB exchange rate and to give further play to the fundamental role of the market mechanism to reduce opportunities for arbitrage and speculation by hot money. Efforts should also be made to combat hot money by strengthening collaboration with regulatory departments, keeping a close eye on the major channels of current regulation, and cracking down strongly on various kinds of foreign exchange transactions in violation of the relevant laws and regulations, thereby preventing the inflow of hot money. 2010-10-14/en/2010/1014/957.html
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At the end of June 2010, China's outstanding external debt reached USD513.81 billion (excluding that of Hong Kong SAR, Macao SAR, and Taiwan Province), of which the outstanding registered external debt was USD307.21 billion and the balance of trade credit was USD206.6 billion. With respect to the terms, the outstanding long- and medium-term external debt (with the remaining term) was USD170.022 billion, accounting for 33.09 percent of the outstanding external debt. The outstanding short-term external debt (with the remaining term) was USD343.788 billion, accounting for 66.91 percent of the outstanding external debt. Specifically, the outstanding registered short-term external debt (with the remaining term) was USD137.188 billion and the balance of trade credit was USD206.6 billion. In terms of the composition of the debt, trade credit and trade financing (e.g., credit support for foreign trade provided by banks) accounted for 60.10 percent and 18.48 percent of the outstanding short-term external debt (the remaining term) respectively. Together, the two accounted for 78.58 percent of the outstanding short-term external debt (the remaining term). The data are closely related to the dramatic growth of Chinas foreign trade during recent years. Because trade credit and trade financing transactions are conducted based on the real background in foreign trade, they will not result in additional external debt risks. In terms of the types of debtor, the outstanding sovereign debt borrowed by ministries under the State Council was USD38.209 billion, accounting for 12.44 percent of the outstanding registered external debt; the outstanding debt of Chinese-funded financial institutions was USD123.094 billion, accounting for 40.07 percent; the outstanding debt of foreign-funded enterprises was USD95.816 billion, accounting for 31.19 percent; the outstanding debt of foreign-funded financial institutions in China was USD43.806 billion, accounting for 14.26 percent; the outstanding debt of Chinese-funded enterprises was USD5.958 billion, accounting for 1.94 percent; and the outstanding debt of other institutions was USD327 million, accounting for 0.10 percent. In terms of the types of debt, the balance of international commercial loans amounted to USD237.25 billion, accounting for 77.23 percent of the outstanding registered external debt, with the relevant proportion rising by 2.8 percentage points compared with that at the end of 2009. The balance of foreign government loans and loans granted by international financial organizations amounted to USD69.96 billion, accounting for 22.77 percent of the outstanding registered external debt. In terms of the currency structure, the debt in U.S. dollars accounted for 72.10 percent of the outstanding registered external debt, representing an increase of 4.34 percentage points compared with that at the end of 2009. The debt in Japanese yen accounted for 10.11 percent, representing a decline of 1.78 percentage points compared with that at the end of 2009. The debt in euro accounted for 4.51 percent, a decline of1.87 percentage points compared with that at the end of 2009; other kinds of debt including SDRs and HKD accounted for 13.28 percent of the outstanding registered external debt, a decline of 0.69 percentage point compared with that at the end of 2009. In terms of sectors in which the debts were invested, with reference to the Industrial Classification of the National Economy, USD41.467 billion was invested in the manufacturing sector, accounting for 21.58 percent of the medium- and long-term outstanding registered external debt (based on contractual terms); USD24.687 billion was invested in the communications and transportation sector, the warehousing sector, and the postal-services sector, accounting for 12.85 percent of the total; USD17.192 billion was invested in the production and supply of electric power, gas, and water, accounting for 8.95 percent; USD11.771 billion was invested in the information technology services sector, accounting for 6.13 percent; and USD11.038 billion was invested in the real estate sector, accounting for 5.74 percent. From January to June 2010, medium- and long-term external borrowing totaled USD19.776 billion, a year-on-year increase of USD10.443 billion or 111.89 percent. The principal repayment was USD12.395 billion, a year-on-year decrease of USD7.077 billion, or 36.34 percent. The interest payment was USD1.443 billion, a year-on-year decrease of USD641 million, or 30.76 percent. Addendum: Definition of terms and interpretation Trade credit refers to the external liability arising from directly extending credit between the seller and buyer of goods, specifically transactions between residents in Mainland China and foreign non-residents (including non-residents in Hong Kong SAR, Macao SAR, and Taiwan province), i.e., the debt incurred due to the difference between the time of payment and that of the transfer of ownership of the goods. Trade credit includes credit directly provided by the supplier (e.g., the overseas exporter) for commodity transactions and services, and advance payments made by buyers (e.g., overseas importers) for goods, services, and on-going business (or business to be undertaken). Trade financing refers to loans extended by a third party (e.g., banks) related to trade to exporters or importers, for instance, loans extended by foreign financial institutions or export credit agencies to buyers. Trade-related credit is a broad concept. In addition to trade credit, it also includes other kinds of credit provided for trade activities. According to the definition, trade-related credit includes trade credit, trade financing, short-term notes related to trade, and so forth. 2010-10-09/en/2010/1009/954.html
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According to the statistics released by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE), the foreign exchange settlements by banks on behalf of clients from April to June of 2010 amounted to USD107.4 billion, USD96.2 billion, and USD108.7 billion respectively, totaling USD312.3 billion, whereas foreign exchange sales by banks on behalf of clients from April to June of 2010 amounted to USD71 billion, USD80.1 billion, and USD94.7 billion respectively, totaling USD245.8 billion. The surplus of the settlement and sales of foreign exchange by banks on behalf of clients from April to June of 2010 was USD36.4 billion, USD16.1 billion, and USD14 billion respectively, totaling USD66.5 billion. Foreign-related receipts of domestic banks on behalf of clients from April to June of 2010 amounted to USD145.7 billion, USD137.2 billion, and USD161.5 billion respectively, totaling USD444.4 billion. During the same period, foreign-related payments by domestic banks on behalf of clients amounted to USD123.2 billion, USD120.4 billion, and USD140.5 billion respectively, totaling USD384.1 billion. The favorable balance of foreign-related receipts and payments for each month of the second quarter amounted to USD22.5 billion, USD16.8 billion, and USD21 billion respectively, totaling USD60.3 billion. Definition of terms and interpretations Balance of payments refers to all economic transactions occurring between residents and non-residents in China, including all financial transactions and barter transactions resulting in any changes to the assets and liabilities thereof. Foreign exchange settlement and sales by banks refer to settlement and sales conducted by designated foreign exchange banks for their clients or for themselves, excluding data on inter-bank foreign exchange market transactions. Foreign exchange settlement and sales by banks on behalf of clients refer to, including foreign exchange settlement and sales by banks, those conducted by designated foreign exchange banks for their clients. The time of conversion between RMB and the foreign currency is regarded as the time-point for the statistics on the foreign exchange settlement and sales by banks, among which foreign exchange settlement refers to sales of foreign exchange by its owners to designated foreign exchange banks, whereas foreign exchange sales refer to sales of foreign exchange by designated foreign exchange banks to users thereof. The differences between foreign exchange settlement and sales are regarded as an offset balance. Such differences, which will be offset by banks through transactions on the inter-bank foreign exchange market, function as a major force resulting in changes to the countrys foreign exchange reserves. But it is not equivalent to the net change in foreign exchange reserves during the same period. The principle for transactions between residents and non-residents does not apply to the preparation of statistics on foreign exchange settlement and sales by banks on behalf of clients, and such statistics only cover transactions of RMB and foreign currencies between the banks and their clients, namely, exchange transactions between RMB and foreign currencies, which fall outside the category of the balance- of-payments statistics. Foreign-related receipts and payments of banks on behalf of clients refer to receipts and payments between domestic non-bank resident institutions and individuals (hereinafter collectively referred to as non-bank sector) and non-resident institutions or individuals through domestic banks, excluding receipts and payments in cash and the foreign-related receipts and payments of the banks themselves. Foreign-related receipts and payments of banks on behalf of clients include: cross-border receipts and payments between the non-bank sector and non-residents through domestic banks (including foreign currencies and RMB), as well as domestic receipts and payments (currently only including foreign currencies) between the non-bank sector and non-residents through domestic banks. The time- point for the statistics is when the clients apply to the domestic banks for foreign-related receipts and payments. Of the foreign-related receipts and payments of banks on behalf of clients, said receipts refer to the amount collected by the non-bank sector from non-residents through domestic banks, whereas said payments refer to the amount that the non-bank sector pays to non-residents through domestic banks. Although foreign-related receipts and payments of banks on behalf of clients are an integral part of the balance of payments statistics, the accounting method for the statistics, different from the accrual basis of accounting required by the balance of payments statistics, is based on a cash basis. In addition, it merely reflects fund flows between the non-bank sector and non-residents, and does not include barter transactions and foreign transactions conducted by the banks themselves. Furthermore, the scope of the statistics on foreign-related receipts and payments of banks on behalf of clients is smaller than the scope of the balance-of-payments statistics. 2010-08-13/en/2010/0813/948.html
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According to statistics from the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE), from January to March 2010, bank settlements of foreign exchange for clients were USD94 billion in January, USD76.3 billion in February, and USD100 billion in March respectively; the total was USD270.3 billion. Bank sales of foreign exchange for clients were USD53.8 billion in January, USD54.5 billion in February, and USD69.3 billion in March; the total was USD177.6 billion. The balance between bank settlements and sales of foreign exchange for clients was USD40.2 billion in January, USD21.8 billion in February, and USD30.7 billion in March, resulting in a total surplus of USD92.7 billion. During the period from January to March 2010, domestic banks foreign-related collections for clients were USD132.3 billion in January, USD108.1 billion in February, and USD141.8 billion in March respectively; the total was USD382.2 billion. External payments by domestic banks for clients were USD102.1 billion in January, USD93 billion in February, and USD125.80 billion in March; the total was USD320.9 billion. The balance between domestic banks foreign-related collections and payments for clients was USD30.2 billion in January, USD15.1 billion in February, and USD16 billion in March, resulting in a total surplus of USD61.3 billion. Glossary and relevant definitions The Balance of Payments refers to all economic transactions occurring between residents and non-residents in China, including all financial transactions and barter resulting in changes in the assets and liabilities of residents and non-residents. Bank Settlement and Sales of Foreign Exchange for Clients refers to settlement and sales services of foreign exchange provided by designated foreign exchange banks for their clients, exclusive of settlement and sales of foreign exchange conducted by designated foreign exchange banks for themselves and transaction data on the inter-bank foreign exchange market. Statistics on bank settlement and sales of foreign exchange for clients are conducted at the time of the exchange of the RMB and the foreign currency. Specifically, settlement of foreign exchange is the process by which the owner of the foreign exchange sells exchange to designated foreign exchange banks; the sale of foreign exchange is the process by which exchange is sold by the designated foreign exchange banks to the users of foreign exchange. The balance between the settlement and sales of foreign exchange is the offset balance between the settlement and sales of foreign exchange, which will be balanced by the banks through bank transactions on the inter-bank foreign exchange market. This is the major cause of changes in the amount of foreign exchange reserves, which is not equivalent to the net change in foreign exchange reserves during the same period. The bankssettlements and sales of foreign exchange for clients are not counted in compliance with the principle applicable to the transactions between residents and non-residents, which only include the transactions between banks and their clients in domestic and foreign currencies, i.e., the exchange and transactions between RMB and foreign exchange. Their statistical scope differs from the transactions under the balance of payments. Foreign-related Collections and Payment by Banks for their Clients refers to the collection and payment occurring between domestic non-bank resident institutions/individuals (collectively called the non-bank section) and non-resident institutions/individuals through domestic banks, which are exclusive of the collection and payment in cash and foreign-related collections and payments by the banks themselves. They include: cross-border collections and payments between non-bank sections and non-residents through domestic banks (including RMB and foreign exchange), and domestic collections and payments between non-bank sections and non-residents through domestic banks (currently including collections and payments in foreign exchange and collections and payments in RMB under the RMB settlement item for cross-border trade). The statistics are collected at the time when the clients conduct foreign-related collections and payments at domestic banks. Specifically, the foreign-related collections by banks for their clients refer to funds collected by non-bank sections from non-residents via domestic banks; the banksexternal payments for their clients refer to the funds paid by non-bank sections to non-residents through the domestic banks. Although foreign-related collections and payments by banks for their clients constitute an integral part of the balance of payment statistics, in principle they differ from the balance of payment statistics. The capital receipt and payment system is the statistical principle for banksforeign-related collections and payments for their clients, whereas the accrual basis is the statistical principle for the balance of payments. The banksforeign-related collections and payments for their clients only reflect cash flows between domestic non-bank sections and non-residents and do not reflect the barters and foreign-related transactions conducted by the banks themselves, and their statistical scope is smaller than that of the balance of payments. 2010-09-20/en/2010/0920/952.html
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The SAFE recently released the preliminary data on China's Balance of Payments Statement for the second quarter and the first half of 2010. The current account and the capital and financial account posted a "twin surplus" in Q2 of 2010, and international reserves maintained their growing momentum. During the same period, the surplus under the current account totaled USD70.5 billion, an increase of 30 percent year on year. Specifically, according to the statistical coverage of the balance of payments, the surpluses in goods, income, and current transfers reached USD59.5 billion, USD7.2 billion, and USD9.9 billion, respectively, whereas the deficit in the services trade amounted to USD6.1 billion. Meanwhile, during this year China's surplus under the capital and financial account (including net errors and omissions) totaled USD11.5 billion. Specifically, the net inflows of foreign exchange by foreign direct investments amounted to USD21 billion. International reserves assets posted an increase of USD82.1 billion, a drop of 17 percent year on year calculated on a comparable basis. Specifically, foreign exchange reserve assets registered an increase of USD81.1 billion (exclusive of the influence of non-transaction value change factors, such as exchange rates, prices, etc.), and the reserve position in the IMF registered an increase of USD900 million. In the first half of 2010, China's surplus under the current account totaled USD124.2 billion, a decrease of 8 percent year on year. The share of the surplus under the current account in GDP was 4.9 percent, a decrease of 1.3 percentage points as compared with the same period of the last year. Meanwhile, China's surplus under the capital and financial account this year totaled USD 53.9 billion (including net errors and omissions). International reserve assets posted an increase of USD178 billion, a rise of 8 percent year on year. Balance of Payments1 (Preliminary Data) Q2 and H1, 2010 Unit: USD 100 million Items # Q2, 20102 H1, 20103 I. Current Account 1 705 1,242 A. Goods and Services 2 534 764 a. Goods 3 595 897 Credit 4 3896 7,063 Debit 5 3302 6,166 b. Services 6 -61 -133 B. Income 7 72 283 C. Current Transfers 8 99 194 II. Capital and Financial Account4 9 115 539 Incl.: Direct investment 10 210 365 III. Reserves Assets 11 -821 -1,780 3.1 Monetary Gold 12 0 0 3.2 Special Drawing Rights 13 0 -1 3.3 Reserves Position in the Fund 14 -9 -9 3.4 Foreign Exchange 15 -811 -1,770 3.5 Other Claims 16 0 0 Notes: 1. This statement employs rounded-off numbers. Some aggregate data may be not equal to the accumulation of the correspondent subentries. 2. The preliminary data of the BOP statement for Q2 of 2010 is prepared based on the single quarter. 3. The preliminary data of this statement for H1 of 2010 is the sum total of the revised data for Q1 of 2010 and the preliminary data for Q2 of 2010. 4. The data under the capital and financial accounts in this statement is the balance between Current Account Balance and the amount of change in reserve assets, including net errors and omissions. 2010-08-19/en/2010/0819/949.html
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According to the statistical data released by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE), in July 2010 foreign exchange settlement and sales by banks on behalf of clients amounted to USD114.2 billion and USD87.6 billion respectively. The surplus of foreign exchange settlement and sales amounted to USD26.6 billion. During the month of July 2010, foreign-related receipts and payments of domestic banks on behalf of clients amounted to USD162.2 billion and USD134.6 billion respectively. The surplus of foreign-related receipts and payments reached USD27.6 billion. Annex: Definition of terms and interpretation Balance of payments (BOP) refers to all economic transactions occurring between residents and non-residents in China, including all financial transactions and barter transactions resulting in any changes to assets and liabilities thereof. Foreign exchange settlement and sales by banks on behalf of clients refer to foreign exchange settlement and sales conducted by designated foreign exchange banks for their clients, excluding data on foreign exchange settlement and sales conducted by designated foreign exchange banks on their own behalf and data on inter-bank foreign exchange market transactions. The time of conversion between Renminbi and foreign currency is regarded as the time-point for the statistics. Specifically, foreign exchange settlement refers to the sale of foreign exchange to designated foreign exchange banks by owners of foreign exchange; foreign exchange sales refer to the sale of foreign exchange by designated foreign exchange banks to users of foreign exchange. The differences between foreign exchange settlement and sales are regarded as an offset balance, which will be balanced by the banks through transactions on the inter-bank foreign exchange market. This is the major reason for changes in the amount of foreign exchange reserves, which is not equivalent to the net change in foreign exchange reserves during the same period. The principle for transactions between residents and non-residents does not apply to the preparation of statistics on foreign exchange settlement and sales by banks on behalf of clients, and such statistics only cover transactions of RMB and foreign currencies between the banks and their clients, namely, exchange transactions between RMB and foreign currencies, which fall outside the category of the balance-of-payments statistics. Foreign-related receipts and payments of banks on behalf of clients refer to receipts and payments occurring between domestic non-bank resident institutions and individuals (collectively called the non-bank sector) and non-resident institutions and individuals through domestic banks, which are exclusive of the receipts and payments in cash and foreign-related receipts and payments by the banks themselves. They include: cross-border receipts and payments between non-bank sectors and non-residents through domestic banks (including RMB and foreign exchange), and domestic receipts and payments between non-bank sectors and non-residents through domestic banks (currently including receipts and payments in foreign exchange and receipts and payments in RMB under the RMB settlement item for cross-border trade). Statistics are collected at the time when the clients conduct the foreign-related receipts and payments at the domestic banks. Specifically, foreign-related receipts of banks on behalf of clients refer to funds collected by non-bank sectors from non-residents via domestic banks; external payments by banks on behalf of clients refer to the funds paid by non-bank sectors to non-residents through domestic banks. Although foreign-related receipts and payments of banks on behalf of clients are an integral part of the balance-of-payments statistics, the accounting method for the statistics, different from the accrual basis of accounting required by the balance of payments statistics, is based on a cash basis. In addition, it merely reflects fund flows between the non-bank sectors and non-residents, and does not include the barter transactions and foreign transactions conducted by the banks themselves. Furthermore, the scope of the statistics on the foreign-related receipts and payments of banks on behalf of clients is smaller than the scope of the balance-of-payments statistics. 2010-09-01/en/2010/0901/951.html
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In Q2 of 2010 the current account and the capital and financial account continued to post a "twin surplus" and international reserves maintained growing momentum. China's surplus under the current account totaled USD72.9 billion, an increase of 35 percent year on year. Specifically, according to the statistical coverage of the balance of payments, the surpluses in goods, income, and current transfers reached USD59.5 billion, USD8 billion, and USD9.9 billion, respectively, whereas the deficit in trade in services amounted to USD4.5 billion. Meanwhile, China's surplus under the capital and financial account totaled USD25.8 billion, a decrease of 68 percent year on year. In particular, the net inflows of direct investments and other investments amounted to USD21.5 billion and USD12.4 billion respectively, whereas the net outflows of portfolio investments reached USD9.5 billion. International reserve assets posted an increase of USD82.1 billion, a drop of 17 percent year on year as calculated on a comparable basis. Specifically, transactions in foreign exchange reserve assets registered an increase of USD81.1 billion (exclusive of the influence of non-transaction value change factors such as exchange rates and prices) and the reserve position in IMF registered an increase of USD900 million. In the first half of 2010, China's surplus under the current account totaled USD126.5 billion, a decrease of 6 percent year on year. Meanwhile, China's surplus under the capital and financial account totaled USD90 billion, an increase of 48 percent year on year. International reserve assets posted an increase of USD178 billion, a rise of 8 percent as calculated on a comparable basis. In addition, the BOP Analysis Team of the SAFE released China's Balance of Payments Report for the First Half of 2010 in order to facilitate an understanding of the data and analysis of China's balance of payments among all social groups. 2010-10-12/en/2010/1012/956.html
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According to the statistical data released by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE), in August 2009 the amount of foreign exchange settlement and sales by banks on behalf of clients amounted to USD113.2 billion and USD84.1 billion respectively. The surplus of foreign exchange settlement and sales amounted to USD29.1 billion. During the month of August 2010, foreign-related receipts and payments of domestic banks on behalf of clients amounted to USD163.4 billion and USD137.1 billion respectively. The surplus of foreign-related receipts and payments reached USD26.3 billion. 2010-09-28/en/2010/0928/953.html
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The SAFE recently released China's Balance of Payments Statement for the year 2008. The statistics reveal that the current account and the capital and financial account posted a "twin surplus" in 2008, and international reserves maintained a growing momentum. In 2008, China's surplus under the current account totaled USD 426.1 billion, an increase of 15% year on year. Specifically, according to the statistical coverage of the balance of payments, the surpluses in goods, income, and current transfers reached USD 360.7 billion, USD 31.4 billion, and USD 45.8 billion, respectively, whereas the deficit in services amounted to USD 11.8 billion. Meanwhile, China's surplus under the capital and financial account totaled USD 19 billion in 2008, a decrease of 74% year on year. In particular, the net inflows of direct investments and portfolio investments amounted to USD 94.3 billion and USD 42.7 billion respectively, whereas the net outflows of other investments reached USD 121.1 billion. Furthermore, China's international reserves continued to grow. At the end of 2008, China registered a total of USD 1.946 trillion in foreign exchange reserves, an increase of USD 417.8 billion over that at the end of 2007. In addition, the BOP Analysis Team of the SAFE released China's Balance of Payments Report for the year 2008 in order to facilitate understanding of the data and analysis of China's balance of payments among all groups in the society. Balance of Payments * 2008 US dollars (thousands) Items Line Balance Credit Debit I. Current Account 1 426,107,395 1,725,893,261 1,299,785,866 A. Goods and Services 2 348,870,456 1,581,713,188 1,232,842,732 a. Goods 3 360,682,094 1,434,601,241 1,073,919,146 b. Services 4 -11,811,638 147,111,948 158,923,586 1.Transportation 5 -11,911,179 38,417,556 50,328,735 2.Travel 6 4,686,000 40,843,000 36,157,000 3.Communication Services 7 59,585 1,569,663 1,510,079 4.Construction Services 8 5,965,493 10,328,506 4,363,013 5.Insurance Services 9 -11,360,128 1,382,716 12,742,844 6.Financial Services 10 -250,884 314,731 565,615 7.Computer and Information Services 11 3,086,931 6,252,062 3,165,131 8.Royalties and Licensing Fees 12 -9,748,930 570,536 10,319,466 9.Consulting Services 13 4,605,315 18,140,866 13,535,551 10.Advertising and Public Opinion Polling 14 261,668 2,202,324 1,940,656 11.Audio-visual and Related Services 15 163,322 417,943 254,622 12. Other Business Services 16 2,885,059 26,005,857 23,120,798 13. Government Services, n.i.e. 17 -253,890 666,187 920,076 B. Income 18 31,437,960 91,614,872 60,176,912 1.Compensation of Employees 19 6,400,156 9,136,547 2,736,391 2.Investment Income 20 25,037,804 82,478,325 57,440,521 C. Current Transfers 21 45,798,979 52,565,201 6,766,222 1.General Government 22 -181,611 49,205 230,816 2. Other Sectors 23 45,980,590 52,515,996 6,535,406 II. Capital and Financial Account 24 18,964,877 769,876,094 750,911,218 A. Capital Account 25 3,051,448 3,319,886 268,439 B. Financial Account 26 15,913,429 766,556,208 750,642,779 1. Direct Investment 27 94,320,092 163,053,964 68,733,872 1.1 Abroad 28 -53,470,972 2,175,785 55,646,757 1.2 In China 29 147,791,064 160,878,179 13,087,115 2. Portfolio Investment 30 42,660,063 67,708,045 25,047,982 2.1 Assets 31 32,749,936 57,672,404 24,922,468 2.1.1 Equity Securities 32 -1,117,368 3,844,800 4,962,168 2.1.2 Debt Securities 33 33,867,304 53,827,604 19,960,300 2.1.2.1 Bonds and Notes 34 37,563,103 53,827,604 16,264,501 2.1.2.2 Money Market Instruments 35 -3,695,799 0 3,695,799 2.2 Liabilities 36 9,910,127 10,035,641 125,514 2.2.1 Equity Securities 37 8,721,011 8,721,011 0 2.2.2 Debt Securities 38 1,189,116 1,314,630 125,514 2.2.2.1 Bonds and Notes 39 1,189,116 1,314,630 125,514 2.2.2.2 Money Market Instruments 40 0 0 0 3. Other Investment 41 -121,066,726 535,794,199 656,860,925 3.1 Assets 42 -106,074,263 32,563,248 138,637,510 3.1.1 Trade Credits 43 5,866,953 5,866,953 0 Long-term 44 410,687 410,687 0 Short-term 45 5,456,266 5,456,266 0 3.1.2 Loans 46 -18,501,123 478,305 18,979,428 Long-term 47 -6,569,000 0 6,569,000 Short-term 48 -11,932,123 478,305 12,410,428 3.1.3 Currency and Deposits 49 -33,528,165 17,715,954 51,244,120 3.1.4 Other Assets 50 -59,911,928 8,502,035 68,413,963 Long-term 51 0 0 0 Short-term 52 -59,911,928 8,502,035 68,413,963 3.2 Liabilities 53 -14,992,463 503,230,952 518,223,415 3.2.1 Trade Credits 54 -19,049,071 0 19,049,071 Long-term 55 -1,333,435 0 1,333,435 Short-term 56 -17,715,636 0 17,715,636 3.2.2 Loans 57 3,620,979 442,835,925 439,214,946 Long-term 58 6,724,078 20,129,387 13,405,309 Short-term 59 -3,103,099 422,706,538 425,809,637 3.2.3 Currency and Deposits 60 2,702,297 59,226,206 56,523,909 3.2.4 Other Liabilities 61 -2,266,668 1,168,821 3,435,489 Long-term 62 -2,236,180 34,976 2,271,156 Short-term 63 -30,488 1,133,845 1,164,333 III. Reserves Assets 64 -418,978,429 0 418,978,429 3.1 Monetary Gold 65 0 0 0 3.2 Special Drawing Rights 66 -7,114 0 7,114 3.3 Reserves Position in the Fund 67 -1,190,315 0 1,190,315 3.4 Foreign Exchange 68 -417,781,000 0 417,781,000 3.5 Other Claims 69 0 0 0 IV. Net Errors and Omissions 70 -26,093,843 0 26,093,843 * This BOP statement employs rounded-off numbers. 124 The SAFE recently released China's Balance of Payments Statement for the year 2008. The statistics reveal that the current account and the capital and financial account posted a "twin surplus" in 2008, and international reserves maintained a growing momentum. In 2008, China's surplus under the current account totaled USD 426.1 billion, an increase of 15% year on year. Specifically, according to the statistical coverage of the balance of payments, the surpluses in goods, income, and current transfers reached USD 360.7 billion, USD 31.4 billion, and USD 45.8 billion, respectively, whereas the deficit in services amounted to USD 11.8 billion. Meanwhile, China's surplus under the capital and financial account totaled USD 19 billion in 2008, a decrease of 74% year on year. In particular, the net inflows of direct investments and portfolio investments amounted to USD 94.3 billion and USD 42.7 billion respectively, whereas the net outflows of other investments reached USD 121.1 billion. Furthermore, China's international reserves continued to grow. At the end of 2008, China registered a total of USD 1.946 trillion in foreign exchange reserves, an increase of USD 417.8 billion over that at the end of 2007. In addition, the BOP Analysis Team of the SAFE released China's Balance of Payments Report for the year 2008 in order to facilitate understanding of the data and analysis of China's balance of payments among all groups in the society. Balance of Payments * 2008 US dollars (thousands) Items Line Balance Credit Debit I. Current Account 1 426,107,395 1,725,893,261 1,299,785,866 A. Goods and Services 2 348,870,456 1,581,713,188 1,232,842,732 a. Goods 3 360,682,094 1,434,601,241 1,073,919,146 b. Services 4 -11,811,638 147,111,948 158,923,586 1.Transportation 5 -11,911,179 38,417,556 50,328,735 2.Travel 6 4,686,000 40,843,000 36,157,000 3.Communication Services 7 59,585 1,569,663 1,510,079 4.Construction Services 8 5,965,493 10,328,506 4,363,013 5.Insurance Services 9 -11,360,128 1,382,716 12,742,844 6.Financial Services 10 -250,884 314,731 565,615 7.Computer and Information Services 11 3,086,931 6,252,062 3,165,131 8.Royalties and Licensing Fees 12 -9,748,930 570,536 10,319,466 9.Consulting Services 13 4,605,315 18,140,866 13,535,551 10.Advertising and Public Opinion Polling 14 261,668 2,202,324 1,940,656 11.Audio-visual and Related Services 15 163,322 417,943 254,622 12. Other Business Services 16 2,885,059 26,005,857 23,120,798 13. Government Services, n.i.e. 17 -253,890 666,187 920,076 B. Income 18 31,437,960 91,614,872 60,176,912 1.Compensation of Employees 19 6,400,156 9,136,547 2,736,391 2.Investment Income 20 25,037,804 82,478,325 57,440,521 C. Current Transfers 21 45,798,979 52,565,201 6,766,222 1.General Government 22 -181,611 49,205 230,816 2. Other Sectors 23 45,980,590 52,515,996 6,535,406 II. Capital and Financial Account 24 18,964,877 769,876,094 750,911,218 A. Capital Account 25 3,051,448 3,319,886 268,439 B. Financial Account 26 15,913,429 766,556,208 750,642,779 1. Direct Investment 27 94,320,092 163,053,964 68,733,872 1.1 Abroad 28 -53,470,972 2,175,785 55,646,757 1.2 In China 29 147,791,064 160,878,179 13,087,115 2. Portfolio Investment 30 42,660,063 67,708,045 25,047,982 2.1 Assets 31 32,749,936 57,672,404 24,922,468 2.1.1 Equity Securities 32 -1,117,368 3,844,800 4,962,168 2.1.2 Debt Securities 33 33,867,304 53,827,604 19,960,300 2.1.2.1 Bonds and Notes 34 37,563,103 53,827,604 16,264,501 2.1.2.2 Money Market Instruments 35 -3,695,799 0 3,695,799 2.2 Liabilities 36 9,910,127 10,035,641 125,514 2.2.1 Equity Securities 37 8,721,011 8,721,011 0 2.2.2 Debt Securities 38 1,189,116 1,314,630 125,514 2.2.2.1 Bonds and Notes 39 1,189,116 1,314,630 125,514 2.2.2.2 Money Market Instruments 40 0 0 0 3. Other Investment 41 -121,066,726 535,794,199 656,860,925 3.1 Assets 42 -106,074,263 32,563,248 138,637,510 3.1.1 Trade Credits 43 5,866,953 5,866,953 0 Long-term 44 410,687 410,687 0 Short-term 45 5,456,266 5,456,266 0 3.1.2 Loans 46 -18,501,123 478,305 18,979,428 Long-term 47 -6,569,000 0 6,569,000 Short-term 48 -11,932,123 478,305 12,410,428 3.1.3 Currency and Deposits 49 -33,528,165 17,715,954 51,244,120 3.1.4 Other Assets 50 -59,911,928 8,502,035 68,413,963 Long-term 51 0 0 0 Short-term 52 -59,911,928 8,502,035 68,413,963 3.2 Liabilities 53 -14,992,463 503,230,952 518,223,415 3.2.1 Trade Credits 54 -19,049,071 0 19,049,071 Long-term 55 -1,333,435 0 1,333,435 Short-term 56 -17,715,636 0 17,715,636 3.2.2 Loans 57 3,620,979 442,835,925 439,214,946 Long-term 58 6,724,078 20,129,387 13,405,309 Short-term 59 -3,103,099 422,706,538 425,809,637 3.2.3 Currency and Deposits 60 2,702,297 59,226,206 56,523,909 3.2.4 Other Liabilities 61 -2,266,668 1,168,821 3,435,489 Long-term 62 -2,236,180 34,976 2,271,156 Short-term 63 -30,488 1,133,845 1,164,333 III. Reserves Assets 64 -418,978,429 0 418,978,429 3.1 Monetary Gold 65 0 0 0 3.2 Special Drawing Rights 66 -7,114 0 7,114 3.3 Reserves Position in the Fund 67 -1,190,315 0 1,190,315 3.4 Foreign Exchange 68 -417,781,000 0 417,781,000 3.5 Other Claims 69 0 0 0 IV. Net Errors and Omissions 70 -26,093,843 0 26,093,843 * This BOP statement employs rounded-off numbers. 124 2009-04-24/en/2009/0424/886.html